TS 670 










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THE 



ELECTRO-PLATERS' GUIDE; 



OR, 



Electro-plating Made Easy. 



A COMPLETE 

MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION 



m THE ART OF 



Gold, Silver^ Nickle, and Copper Plating. 



^^ 



NE"^ TOEK: 
FEEDERICK LOWEY, 

MAXUFACTUKER OF 

ALL K!NOS OF ELECTRO PLATERS' SUPPLIES 



P.O. Box 4-210. 



75 Nassau Street. 



/P 



>w 



'^O,^ 1S73- 



^ 






Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the 
year 1876, by 

Fkkdeiuck Lowey, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at 
"Washington, D. C. 



.s 






AN INTEODUCTION THAT WILL PAY 
FOR EEADING. 



The art of electroplating is an invention 
of modern date, and has hitherto been kept 
in the hands of a few, who have monopo- 
lized the whole business. But now an op- 
portunity is offered to all to acquire this 
very simple and lucrative business. There 
is scai'cely a town or village in the United 
States but would give sufficient employment 
for at least one operator. The uses of electro- 
plating are constantly extending. 

To meet a want that has long been felt, 
has been the design of the author of this 
little manual, who can well remember the 
trouble that he had when a boy to get the 
apparatus that was wanted to perform simple 
experiments in chemistry. No small or cheap 
sets of apparatus were then known, and not 
having a pocket full of money he had to con- 
struct his own. Having had to make oxygen 



1^ INTRODUCTION. 

gas at one time, and having no apparatns at 
hand, he took the chimney from his mother's 
lamp, put a cork in the upper end of it, then 
taking a basin of water he tilled the chimney 
with water and inverted it in the basin ; to 
generate the gas, he took a three-drachm 
vial and half filled it with chlorate of potash 
and peroxide of manganese in about equal 
proportions; having placed a small glass 
tube in a cork, he placed the cork in the bot- 
tle, and taking a small rubber tube he con- 
nected the bottle with the mouth of the 
chimney. Everything was now ready /or 
starting. Taking the small bottle up in his 
hand he held it over a kerosene lamp, and 
in a few moments the gas came bubbling 
over into the chimney, displacing the water 
in it, and in a few minutes it was full of gas. 
Now taking a small piece of cork, he placed 
upon it a little piece of phosphorus, and 
touched it with a hot wire, which ignited it; 
then he lifted up the chimney and placed it 
over the cork, and the result was a light of 
dazzling brilliancy. This is one of the most 
brilliant experiments that is performed upon 



INTEODUCTION. '^ lU 

the lecture table ; and in this way he had to 
proceed in all his studies. So that he is able 
to fully appreciate the difficulties which 
young students have to encounter in their 
studies, and will even hold himself ready to 
help them, not only in selecting apparatus, 
but also in showing them how they can con- 
struct their own apparatus, and thus save 
their money. It is his cherished desire to 
foster in the youth of this country a stronger 
desire for scientific studies, to take the place 
of the light and vile matter which publish- 
ers claiming to be Christians are spreading 
broadcast over the land, and which is killing 
the rising generation. 

For this purpose the author is getting up 
sets of cheap apparatus, with which any one 
can perform some of the most brilliant and 
beautiful experiments known in natural and 
chemical philosophy, so that they will be- 
come so interested in the study that one ex- 
periment will drag them into another, until 
finally they will have brought themselves 
through a thorough course of study in the 
natural sciences. 



IV C INTEODUCTION. 

It was this that prompted him to make 
these small batteries, so that boys and even 
men might take hold of one of these and 
learn the whole ins and outs of one of the 
most interesting as well as one of the most 
profitable trades. "With one of these batte- 
ries any one with ordinary brains can set to 
work and plate knives, forks, spoons, rings, 
and various other small articles, to the in- 
tense interest of the whole family, who are 
gathered around to see the article gradually 
assume a silvery white a'ppearance, and who 
wonder why it is they can not see the little 
grains of silver flying through the solution 
to fasten itself to the article. 

Now where money is an object, this is just 
the thing. Where is there a place that will 
not support at least one silverplater, to say 
nothing of the large cities, which caa sup- 
port hundreds. Then there is electrotyping, 
a trade that paid in this city to a good electro- 
typer $40 and even $50 a week, and they 
are hard to get even at that money. Now 
what is there to prevent you from studying 
up this subject with one of these small bat- 



INTRODUCTION. V 

teries? You will have everything that is 
necessary, with a press and melting-pan, to 
go through the whole operation of an elec- 
trotype foundry, only on a small scale, but 
you can get as good an impression as they 
can, only not so large. Thus, with a little 
practice you will be able to fill a lucrative 
position in some silverplating or electro- 
typing foundry. 

This is a business that is very easily 
learned, is light, easily started in, and pays 
largely. Such offers as this have never been 
made before. 

Think over it, and see if you do not think 
it will pay you to send for one of these bat- 
teries. 

Now, friends, do not be afraid to write to 
us, for nothing will please us half so well as 
to think that we have been the means of 
helping some student along, for we well re- 
member that we were once a student, and 
would have been thankful for an ofler like 
this. 

Feedekiok Lowet, 

P.O. Box 4210. 75 Nassau Street, New York. 



THE ART OF ELECTEOTYPING. 



THE THEOrvY OF THE ELECTBOTTPE PEOCESS. 

The electrotype process may be defined 
generally as the art of depositing metals 
upon suitable surfaces by means of a current 
of voltaic electricity. What voltaic electri- 
city IS. and how it acts in producing metallic 
deposits, may be easily shown by a few 
simple experiments. 



Fici. 




Place a clean slip of zinC — say a couple ol 
inches long and an inch wide — upon your 
tongue, and a silver coin — a dime, for in- 
stance—under it, taking care not to let the 
metals touch each other. As long as the 
coin and the zinc are separated, no percep- 
tible effect is produced ; Jut allow them to 
touch each other, as shown in Fig. 1, and 



you will esperiencG a peculiar tingling sen- 
sation in the tongue, accompanied by a me- 
tallic or saline taste. These sensations are 
repeated as otten as tlie two metals are joined 
or separated. 

In this simple experiment lies the whole 
principle of the production of voltaic elec- 
tricity, and the effects experienced depend 
on the following laws: — 

I. Whenever two different metals are placed 
in a liquid and joined, electricity is generated 
on the surface of that metal which is most 
easily acted upon by the liquid, and flows 
toward the other. For example, in the pre- 
sent case the zinc is more easily acted upon 
by the saliva than the silver, the consequence 
being that a current of electricitj^ starts from 
the surface of the zinc, travels through the 
saliva and the tongue to the silver, and so 
round to the zinc again, in the direction of 
the arrows in Fig. 1. In passing through 
the tongne,the current stimulates the nerves 
of that organ, and slightly decomposes the 
saliva, giving rise to the sensations already 
described. 

It will be as well to impress firmly on your 
mind the course taken by the ciirrent, as 
you will find this knowledge exceedingly 
useful in future experiments. The positions 
of the metals* may of course be reversed 



without in any way altering the effects of 
the experiment. 

By varying this simple experiment in one 
or two ways, we may gain a little more in- 
formation on the subject. 

Vash the mouth out with salt and water, 
and repeat the experiment. You will now 
find that the sensations you formerly felt are 
increased, owing to the fact that the salt and 
water acting more energetically on the zinc 
than plain saliva, and consequently produc- 
ing a stronger current of electricity. This 
experiment enables us to lay down another 
law: — 

II. The stronger the chemical action on 
the zinc, the greater is the amount of elec- 
tricity produced. Secondly, we may substi- 
tute a piece of gold or lead for the silver 
coin. In the case of the gold, we shall find 
an increase of electrical power, while with 
the lead we shall find, on the contrary, a 
decrease. The reason of these changes will 
require a little explanation. "* 

I have before said, and we have found it 
to be true by the first experiment, that when 
zinc is acted upon by a liquid it throws off a 
current of electricity. Now, this is not only 
true of zinc, but also of iron, lead, silver, 
gold, and all other metals, but to a much 
less extent. When, therefore, a plate of lead 



6 



is used with the zinc, the saliva acts on both, 
a strong current of electricity being set up 
by the zinc, and an opposition weak one by 
the lead ; the real value of the zinc current 
is consequently reduced by that flowing from 
the lead. With silver, the opposition current 
is still less, silver being only very slightly 
influenced by the saliva ; while with gold, 
which is practically uuafi'ected, we obtain 
the zinc current in its fullest intensity, with 
scarcely any diminution or drawback. 

"V^*- can now lay down a third law : — 

111. — That the most energetic effect is 
produced when the two metals used differ 
as widely as possible in their capacity for 
being acted upon by the liquid in which 
they are immersed. 

•'he following list of common metals, ar- 
ranged in the order in which they are acted 
upon by dilute sulphuric acid, will enable U8 
to see this a little more clearly : — 

Gold Imperceptibly. 

Platinum Hardly at all. 

Silver Very slightly indeed. 

Copper Very slightly. 

Tin Slightly. 

)Lead Somewhat strongly. 

Iron Strongly. 

ZiNO .,i Very strongly. 

Potassium Very strongly indeed. 



If, therefore, we wish to malro ilie stronf^- 
est possible voltaic pair that the above metals 
will afford, we should use gold and potas- 
sium ; but as these metals are exceedingl}'" 
dear, we use ziucin combination with plati- 
num, silver, or copper, according to circum- 
stances. 

There is one substance, however, which 
beats even gold when used with zinc, and 
that is carbon or charcoal, which, although 
not a metal, acts as one in a voltaic combi- 
nation. This may be tried by using a piece 
of well-burned charcoal instead of a silver 
coin in our first experiment. 

Here, then, we have all the conditions 
heretofore laid down for forming a voltaic 
pair : — 

First, a plate of metal, such as zinc, which 
is easily acted on chemically ; secondly, an- 
other plate of metal, such as platinum, silver, 
or copper, which is attacked with great diffi- 
culty , thirdly, a liquid such as saliva, water, 
solution of salt, or of some acid, to act upon 
the zinc ; and lastly, a vessel of some kind — 
preferably, not the mouth — to contain the 
whole. 

These conditions are admirably fulfilled in 
the zinc and platinized silver battery which 



8 



is known by the name of its inventor, Mr. 
Alfred Smee, of which the following is a de- 
scription : — 



tS 



FIC.2. 



FIC,3, 



El 






P-> 




Fig. 2 is a frame, F F' F" F'", containing 
a sheet of platinized silver, P, to which is 
attached a binding screw, S (not shown in 
Fig. 3 ), into which may be fastened a wire. 
Fig. 3 shows the frame in section, with the 
zinc plates attached. Z Z are the zinc plates 
I not shown in Fig. 2), which are kept in 
their places by the clamp, C (not shown in 
Fig. 2). On the top of the clamp is another 
binding screw, S', which serves to hold an-, 
other wire. The whole is immersed in the 
jar. J Tnot shown in Fig. 2.), which contains 
Bulphuric acid and water. 



Here we have the perfect representation 
of the Yoltaic pair we formed in the first ex- 
periment, only we have a convenient vessel 
instead of our mouth, and solution of sul- 
phuric acid instead saUva. We also have 
the power of prolonging our plates by means 
of binding screws and wires, so that we may 
lead the force generated by the zinc m any 
direction we please. For instance, if yoii 
place the two wires in your mouth, you will 
notice the same sensations as in our first ex- 
periment, but in an increased degree. 

It may possibly puzzle you to understand 
■why two plates of zinc are used instead of 
only one, and also how it is that the current 
only passes when the zinc and silver plates 
are connected. The following explanation 
will make this clear to you. 

When a plate of zinc is immersed— say, m 
dilute acid, electricity is immediately gene- 
rated on both of its surfaces ; but if there be 
nothing to collect and convey this electricity 
away, il; remains where it is. If, however, 
a plate of some other metal is placed m the 
liquid, it collects the electricity generated 
by the zinc ; but even now the current will 
not flow except communication through a 
conductor be made between the plate and 

the zinc. ' - 

Going back to our fii-si experiment, let ns 



10 



see what happened. You first laid the zinc 
on your tongue ; but although chemical ac- 
tion took place, you felt no electrical current, 
neither did you when the dime was placed 
under it ; and it was not until the dime and 
the zinc touched that you experienced any 
manifestation of electricity. 

As it is the surfaces of the plates that are 
concerned in generating or collecting the 
current produced, we prefer in the battery I 
am describing to make the platinized silver 
— which is vei'y much dearer than the zinc — 
do double work, and collect electricity on 
both its surfaces. We consequently use two 
plates of zinc, so that there may be electri- 
city generated on both sides of the platinum 
plate. ,i4 

Eere, then, are two more important facts 
for you to recollect : first, that no electricity 
passes until the two plates are connected, 
either by their free ends, as in our first ex- 
periment, or by wires, as in all ordinary 
batteries, when it instantly begins circling 
round and round until all the zinc is dis- 
solved, or the acid becomes so weak as to act 
on it no longer; secondly, that it is on the 
surface of tlie zinc next the inactive collect- 
ing plate that the current of electricity is 
produced. 5 In the present* instance we 
might make one zinc plate give out electri- 



11 



city from both of its surfaces by using two 
plates of platinized silver ; but as that ma- 
terial is "worth some hundred times as much 
as the zinc, it is better, as I have before said, 
to make the dear material do the double 
work. 

It is hardly necessary for me to say that 
the amount of electrical effect that may be 
produced by a zinc plate is entirely in pro- 
portion to its surface, and has nothing to 
do with its thickness. Thus the thin plati- 
nized silver plate is just as effective as if it 
were half an inch thick. In the case of the 
zinc, we use pretty thick plates, simply be- 
cause they take longer to dissolve away than 
thin ones. 

The ordinary commercial zinc used for 
batteries is very impure. It contains nume- 
rous particles of lead, iron, and carbon, which 
set up little opposition voltaic currents on 
their own account as soon as the plate is 
immersed in the acid. To obviate this, the 
zinc has to undergo the process of amalga- 
mation by being rubbed over with mercury 
before it is fit for use. The mercury fonns 
with the zinc a semi-fluid compound, which 
spreads over the surface, and covers up the 
little particles of other metals, and prevents 
them from being acted on by the acid. 
The process of amalgamating the zinc is 



12 

very simple, and will be described further 
on. 

Having now made ourselves pretty well 
acquainted with the construction and action 
of the voltaic battery, w^e will make a few 
experiments on its effects. In our first ex- 
periment we found that the saliva on our 
tongue was slightly decomposed. The de- 
composition of substances through which 
the current passes is one of the most charac- 
teristic effects of the voltaic battery. The 
Smee's pair, already described, has hardly 
power enough to effect the decomposition 
of water, — that is to say, to separate it into 
its component gases, oxygen and hydrogen ; 
but there are other substances so easy of de- 
composition that we may decompose them 
with our slip of zinc and dime. 

Dissolve a few crystals of sulphate of cop- 
per, which is composed of copper, oxj'gen, 
and sulphuric acid, in a cup of water ; throw 
into it a silver coin, and leave it there for a 
few moments. On lifting it out, the coin is 
as bright as it was before. But create an 
electric current through the sulphate of cop- 
per solution by touching the coin with a slip 
of zinc as it lies at the bottom of the cup, 
and you will shortly find a deposit of met- 
allic copper covering the silver. By im- 
mersing the zinc in the sulphate of copper 



18 

solution we have created a current of electri- 
city, which passes through the liquid, de- 
composing it, tJie copper going to the silver, 
and the other components of the sulphate of 
copper — sulphuric acid and oxygen — going 
to the zinc, which is gradually dissolved. 

Now we ma.j do precisely the same thing 
with our Smee's pair. "We may conduct the 
electricity generated by means of wires into 
a solution of sulphate of copper, and decom- 
pose it, one wire becoming coated with cop- 
per like the dime, and the other becoming 
oxidized, and dissolving in the liberated sul- 
phuric acia. 

Next we may attach to one wire a coin, to 
the other a piece of copper, to supply the 
place of that deposited on the coin, and we 
may allow the current to pass until the de- 
posit on the coin is thick enough to remove ; 
or, lastly, we may substitute for the coin a 
wax mould, made conductible by black lead, 
and so obtain an electrotype copy of it in 
copper. 

Here, then, we have the whole theory of 
electrotyping, and we have arrived at it in a 
truly philosophical manner, beginning with 
one simple experiment with the zinc and 
dime, and working gradually onwards step 
by Etep. 



14 



I will now describe to you what is known 
as the single-cell Daniell's battery — a form 
of voltaic combination much used by begin- 
ners. 

It may have occurred to you while endea- 
voring to coat your dime with copper that a 
piece of zinc, with a wire attached to it 
carrying a black-leaded mould, might bQ 
immersed in a jar of sulphate of copper so- 
lution, and constitute a rude electrotype 
apparatus. Such an idea would be perfectly 
correct in theory, but in practice you would 
find that the zinc itself would in turn become 
coated with copper, and that very soon all 
action would cease. Provide some means, 
however, by which the zinc would be pro- 
tected from the action of the sulphate of 
copper, and we get a very efficient appara- 
tus for ordinary purposes. The following is 
a description of the ordinary single-cell 
Daniell, which is so much used for electro- 
typing small objects. But I should advise 
you most strongly to put your trust entirely 
in Smee. The Daniell is certainly cheaper 
at first, liut the contimial breakage of porous 
pots, and the uncertainty with which it works, 
render it dearer in the end. *^ 

It consists (Fig. 4) of a jar, J, containing 
a porous pot, P, within wHch is placed a 



15 




cylinder of zinc, Z. To this' 
is attached by means of a 
binding screw, B, a wire, W, 
carrying the black-leaded 
mould, M. The outer jar is 
filled with a solution of sul- 
phate of copjoer, the porous 
pot with dilute sulphuric 
acid. You will, no doubt, at 
once think that this cannot 
be a voltaic pair generating 
a current of electricity, there 
being no inactive plate to 
collect the electricity devel- 
oped by the zinc; but a little 
reflection will show you that the black-leaded 
mould is the collecting plate in this instance, 
becoming covered with copper as long as the 
current flows. A little more reflection is 
liable to raise a new difficulty as to the pos- 
sibility of the electricity generated by the 
zinc passing through the porous pot, which 
is a non-conducting material ; but if we ocly 
consider that the two liquids pass through 
the pores of the clay, and mix together very 
slowly, the difficulty vanishes. Q 

One more explanation, and I am done with 
theory. In using the Smee with a separate 
cell, it often puzzles one to know upon which 
wire to hang the mould ; but if we only take 



16 



the trouble to trace the course of the current, 
aud to recollect that it is at that particular 
spot where the current leaves the liquid that 
the metal is deposited, you will have no diffi- 
culty in remembering to which wire to attach 
your mould. 

The following diagrams show the course 
taken by the current in the three electro- 
\ping arrangements that we have been con- 
sidering, beginning with the zinc and dime. 

In Fig. 5 it begins at the 
/inc, passes through the 
sulphate of copper solution 
into the coin, leaving a de- 
posit of copper behind it, 
rind so upwards into the 
zinc again. 

In Fig. G it begins with 
the zinc, and travels through 

FIG. 6 





17 




the snlphnric acid solution, sulphate of cop- 
per, black-leaded mould, copper wire, and 
binding screw, to the zinc once more. 

In Fig. 7 the course is FIG. 7. 

through the zinc, sulphuric 
acid, platinized silver, bind- 
ing screw, wire, copper < 
plate, sulphate of copper 
solution, and zinc. In this 
last arrangement I have 
only shown one zinc plate, 
in order to avoid confusion. 

Let us now sum up the theory of the elec- 
trotype process. 

I. — When a plate, of zinc is immersed in 
a liquid which acts upon it chemically, elec- 
tricity is developed on the surface of ihe 
metal. 

II. — If we place opposite to the zinc an- 
other metal only slightly acted on by the 
liquid, and connect it with the zinc by means 
of a wire, the electricity developed by the' 
zinc \s set in motion, and a current is gen- 
erated which lasts until chemical action 
ceases. 

III. — "When a current of electricity is 
passed through a liquid, the liquid is decom- 
posed, provided the current is sufficiently 
strong. 

IV. — If the solution through which the 



18 



cnrrent passes contains a metal, it will be 
deposited at the point where the current 
passes out of the solution. 

V. — The electric current will pass with 
more or less facility through all the metals, 
charcoal, black lead, and most liquids, but 
nearly all other substances interruj^t its pass- 
age. Bodies of the first kind are called con- 
ductors, the rest non-conductors. 

So far the theory of the electrotype pro- 
cess, without some knowledge of which no 
one can hope to succeed in obtaining good 
results. 

THE PRACTICE. 

One of the first things the electrotyper 
will have to practise is the art of making 
moulds of the objects he wishes to reproduce. 
When first the electrotype process was dis- 
covered, the electrotyper was obliged to 
confine himself to the use of moulds in metal, 
it being erroneously supposed that deposi- 
tion would only take place on metallic sur- 
faces; the discovery, however, that any 
surface well rubbed with plumbago or black 
lead was thereby made conducting, freed the 
art at once from many of its trammels and 
enabled the operator to use almost any ma- 
terial that would take a sharp impression of 
the object he desired to copy. 



19 



For seals, coins, and medals, nothing is 
better thun ordinary white wax of good 
quality mixed with a little flake white. We 
will suppose, if you please, that you are de- 
sirous of making a copy of the Goddess of 
Liberty on the back of the fifty-cent piece. 

The first thing to do is to procure good 
wax. The common white wax sold at the 
oil-stores is generally adulterated with tallow 
or fat, and is a soft yielding material, utterly 
unfitted for the purposes of the electrotyper. 
You had better purchase your wax from the 
apparatus maker who supplies you with your 
battery ; you will pay perhaps a higher price, 
but you will have the satisfaction of getting 
an article that is reliable. This remark will 
apply to nearly all the materials that you are 
likely to use. 

As a rule wax works much better when 
mixed with about oue-twentiethof its weight 
of flake white, which may be purchased at 
an oil-store very cheaply. Put the wax into 
an ordinary earthen pipkin, and place it 
near a rather low, clear fire, free from smoke, 
taking care that the heat is onl}' jast suffici- 
ent to allow the w ax to melt. When quite 
liquid throw in one-twentieth of its weight 
of flake white, and stir the whole with a 
glass rod or clean tobacco-pipe stem. When 
fully mixed pour the wax out on a clean 



20 

plate, and, when cool, chop it up into little 
pieces and re-melt it. Repeat the cooling 
and melting once more, and the mixture is 
ready for use. You need not be particular 
about adhering to the exact proportions of 
wax and flake white given above ; for in- 
stance, a quarter of a pound of the former 
and a quarter of an ounce of the latter form 
an excellent compound, are easy quantities 
to purchase, and consequently save the trou- 
ble of weighing. Of course it is better to 
make a large quantity of the mixture at once, 
and keep it in cakes ready for use. 

The coin from which you are about to 
take a cast should be rubbed over with a 
small quantity of sweet oil taking care that 
it penetrates into all the finer parts of the 
work. As much as possible of the superflu- 
ous oil is then removed with a pledget of 
cotton wool, the fine details being cleared 
with an ordinary sable or camel's-hair pen- 
cil. The object of oihng the medal is to 
prevent the wax from sticking to it. by the 
interposition of a very thin film of greasy 
matter. , 

You next surround the coin with a slip ot 
thin card, about an inch or an inch and a half : 
in width, and of sufficient length to overlap 
about an inch. Wrapping the card round ! 
the coin, mark with a pencil the line where 



21 



the edge overlaps. You now tack together 
the top and bottom of the cardboard hoop 
with a needle and thread, so as to form a 
little cell for the reception of the coin, which 
will be retained in its place by the natural 
spring of the card. If the coin is heavy it 
will be better to wind some thread round the 
whole, so as to make assurance doubly sure. 
It is almost unnecessary to warn you against 
touching the face of the coin with the finger, 
as you will no doubt have guessed that the 
slightest mark will appear in the electrotype 
copy. 

Having melted sufficient wax for the pur- 
pose you require, heat the coin by placing 
it on the hob, or holding it over a gas or 
candle flame, until it is just warm enough 
to prevent the hot wax from being suddenly 
chilled when poured upon it, and yet it must 
not be so hot as to dissipate the film of oil 
with which it is covered. The coin is now 
held steadily in the left hand and slightly 
sloping in that direction, in order that the 
melted wax may flow over the surface evenly 
and gradually. Pour in the wax gently and 
continuously until it rises nearly to the top 
of the cardboard. The whole is now put 
aside to cool, an operation that will take at 
least two hours ; in fact, it is almost better 
to make tl:3 moulds over night and allow 



22 



them to cool until the next morning. Wheii 
the wax has become solid the threads fasten- 
ing the card may be snipped and the card- 
board peeled off, — the mould, with the coin 
adhering to it, being placed aside in a cold 
place. 

At first you will find some difficulty in , 
getting perfect impressions, but the failure 
can only result from three causes. First, 
air-bubbles may be formed through the coin 
being too cold, pouring the wax with an un- 
steady hand, or from too great a height; 
secondly, the wax may adhere to the mould i 
BO firmly as to resist all endeavors to sepa- 
rate them without destroying the impression, 
a misfortune that can only arise from not 
having left sufficient oil upon the coin ; 
thirdly, the impression may be blurred and i 
indistinct through the use of too much oil. 

An excellent way to obtain a good impres- 
sion of a coin, medal, or like object, which i 
will be found less tedious, is to melt yourr 
wax in a shallow vessel ; set it aside to cool ; 
meanwhile, oil your object. When the wax 
has become pretty hard lay the object on 
the wax and squeeze it down with a carpen- 
ter's clamp. In this way we have obtained 
good sharp impressions. f 

Having perfected yourself in the art of 
casting from metal you should next try to 



23 



cast from plaster. This is a somewhat diffi- 
cult operation, but it is one to be learned 
— plaster copies of some of the finest works 
in the way of coiilB and medals being pro- 
curable at the Italian image-shops for a few 
cents. Having everything ready for casting, 
place the plaster impression, face upwards, 
in a saucer containing sufficient hot water to 
rise to half the height of the cast. Watch 
the surface of the plaster until it just begins 
to look wet. It is then taken out of the 
water, surrounded with cardboard, as in the 
case of the coin, and cast from in precisely 
the same way. Here, again, judgment is 
required ; for if the plaster is made too wet 
the impression will be blurred, if it has 
sucked up too little water it will absorb the 
wax when poured upon it. Some electrotyp- 
ers saturate the plaster with oil, but this 
method, although good for casting, spoils 
the appearance of the original cast. How- 
ever, the best thing to do is to experiment 
upon both processes and choose the one that 
gives the best result. 

For small seals and coins ordinary sealing- 
wax may be used, the seal being made in the 
usual manner, but very much thicker from 
back to front. Before use the card or paper 
should be soaked off in cold water. 

Moulds of exquisite sharpness are made in 



24 



beeswax and an alloy of bismiith called fusi- 
ble metal ; but the former is difficult to work 
without special appliances in the form of 
powerful screw-presses, «nd the latter is too 
dear for ordinary use. If you know a friendly 
working stereotyper you may get him to cast 
from your plaster impressions in stereotype 
metal, which is peculiarly adapted for ob- 
taining sharp copies of such objects. 

If you can not get the cake wax a good 
substitute will be found in wax candies ; this 
will be found easy to work in as the mould 
does not stick so much. 

Before commencing electrotyping it will 
be as well for you to practise casting until 
you have acquired the method of producing 
good impressions of all sizes, and from botn 
plaster and metal. In fact, you may accu- 
mulate casts during the time that you are 
saving up your dimes to buy your apparatus. 
Too many beginners electrotype from bad 
casts, the results being of course bad copies, 
to say nothing of the waste of time and ma- 
terial. 

Your next step will be to set your battery 
At work. In all probability the zinc plates will 
have been amalgamated by the maker ; but, 
whether they have or not, it will be as well 
for you to perform the process upon them. 

Make a mixture of one part by measure of 



25 



sulphuric acid and four of water, taking care 
to pour in the water last. The water must 
be poured into the acid very gently, other- 
wise so much heat is produced that the mix- 
ture spirts over the hands and clothes. 
Sulphuric acid, or oil of vitriol, as it is gen- 
erally called, is exceedingly poisonous and 
corrosive. Whatever it falls upon it destroys; 
and although there is but little fear of any 
person drinking it, it should be always kept 
strictly under lock and key. 

The mixture of sulphuric acid and water 
having become cold — for no matter how 
cautiously you pour the water in, a certain 
amount of heat will always be generated, — 
pour it into a plate or saucer, and place the 
zinc plates in it for half a minute or so if the 
plate has been amalgamated, and for a longer 
time if it has not. In the latter case, it 
should remain in the acid until it looks pretty 
clear. You will do well to notice the little 
bubbles that form upon the zinc, and rise to 
the surface in thousands. These are caused 
by numberless little voltaic pairs that are 
formed between the zinc and the particles 
of foreign metals with which it is contamin- 
ated. Every one of these decomposes the 
water into oxygen and hydrogen, the former 
gas uniting with the zinc and becoming dis- 
solved in the acid liquid, and the latter effer- 



26 



vescing off in little bubbles like chfimpagne. 
This does not occur with zinc which has 
been amalgamated. The zinc is lifted out 
of the acid, and a small quantity of mercury 
is poured Tipon it and gently rubbed over 
the surface with a piece of rag, taking care 
not to let the acid touch the fingers ; for al- 
though it will not do them any harm, it is 
apt to produce dirty stains that take a long 
time wearing out. You may, if you like, 
make a little rubber by stuffing a piece of 
rag into a clean tobacco-pipe bowl, reserving 
the stem for stirring your solution As soon 
as the zinc is perfectly bright in every part, 
the superfluous mercury should be removed 
with the rubber, and the plate washed in 
clean water and wiped. It generally hap- 
pens that with new plates there are certain 
spots that will not amalgamate, in which 
case the plate should be returned to the acid 
solution until they take the mercury as read- 
ily as any other part. It often puzzles young 
beginners to know when these plates want 
re-amalgamating: to this query one might 
really reply by saying — always ; in fact, the 
zinc plates used by some of the electric tele- 
graph companies alwiiys stand in a .ittle 
gutta-percha trough of mercury, so that the 
metal very gradually creeps up their surfaces. 
You may easily tell if a plate requires re- 



27 



amalgamation or not by lifting it out of the 
cell, washing it in plenty of cold water, and 
pouring on it, when drj^ a few drops of 
mercury. If the mercury flows readily over 
the surface, the plate is still in working or- 
der ; if, on the contrary, the mercury refuses 
to unite with the zinc, you may know that 
re-amalgamation is necessary. 

For using the battery two solutions are 
required — one a solution of sulphuric acid, 
for creating chemical action, and, conse- 
quently, electricity on the surface of the 
zinc ; the other, a solution of sulphate of cop- 
per, from which we are to draw our supply 
of metal for covering our mould. 

The acid solution for exciting the zinc is 
made by mixing one measure of sulphuric 
acid with twelve of water, care being taken 
to add the water last, as when you were am- 
algamating. An egg-cup forms an excellent 
measure for this purpose, and any quantity 
of acid solution may be made at a time by 
adhering to the proportions given above. 
It is a good thing to keep a stock in hand, in 
a large bottle, so that the acid solution in 
the battery may be changed at a moment's 
notice. Some operators have a slovenly 
habit of pouring strong acid into the spent 
solution, the result being that they get 
themselves into most unexpected difficulties. 



28 



When the exciting solution is exhausted, it 
should be thrown away and replaced from 
your stock. Sulphuric acid is very cheap, a 
pound weight of it being sufficient to make 
five pints of solution. 

The sulphate of copper solution is made 
by pouring boiling water on a quantity of 
the salt — say a pint of the former upon a 
pound of the latter. The solution should be 
well stirred with a glass rod or tobacco-pipe 
stem, in order that the hot water may dis- 
solve as much as possible of the salt. When 
perfectly cold, pour off the blue solution 
from the undissolved sulphate of copper 
(which should be reserved for future use), 
and add to it one-fourth of its bulk of the di- 
lute sulphuric acid you use for exciting your 
plates. The acid is added in order to in- 
crease the power of the solution for conduct- 
ing electrical currents, as it is a better con- 
ductor than either water or sulphate of 
copper solution. Sulphate of copper, blue 
vitriol, or bluestone, is generally met with 
in a pretty pure state. The solution it forms 
is sometimes cloudy at first, but subsidence 
and careful decantation easily remedy this 
evil. 

We have now prepared our moulds, zinc 
plates, and colutions, and need only render 
the surface of the wax capable of conducting 



29 

electricity to begin operations. This is 
effected by first gently wiping the wax im- 
pression with a tuft of cotton-wool, to re- 
move any dust or oil that may be on its 
surface, and then applying black-lead to it 
with a soft plate-brush until a black and 
brilliant gloss is produced. The brush 
should not be too hard, or the face of the 
mould will suffer ; and the best black-lead, 
bought at the instrument-maker's, should 
alone be used. The common quality, sold 
at the stores for domestic purposes, is quite 
useless, being generally adulterated with 
grilty matter. Black-lead, or plumbago, 
was at one time supposed to be a compound 
of iron ; but modern research has proved 
that it is non-metallic in its nature, being a 
peculiar form of carbon— the chemical name 
for pure charcoal. It may interest you to 
know that coke, lamp-black, charcoal, black- 
lead, and diamond, are only different forms 
of carbon. Plumbago, although not a metal, 
is an excellent conductor of electricity, and 
an electric telegram might be sent through 
a series of black-lead pencils as easily aa 
through an iron wire, . The surface of the 
mould, therefore, when well brushed over 
with plumbago, becomes just as great a con- 
ductor of electricity as if it were gilt or sil- 
vered. You must be very careful to use 



30 



sufficient black-lead, so as to produce a con- 
tinuous coating, — indeed, it is hardly possi- 
ble to use too much. The edges of the 
mould should be black-leaded about half-way 
down ; but the back, of course, is left in its 
natural condition. 

Nothing now remains but to connect the 
mould with the battery, and see the latter in 
action. 

Supposing you are using a single-cell 
Daniell, pour the sulphate of copper solution 
into the outer jar until it reaches within an 
inch of the top, and place the porous cell in 
it Pour the acid solution into the latter, 
taking care that the two solutions are level 
with each other. Next slightly warm the 
wire connected with the zinc, and insert it 
in the edge of the wax mould about half-way 
between the back and front. When cool, 
make the electrical connection between the 
wire and mould continuous by black-leading 
the point of junction vigorously. Bend the 
wire into the shape of a long fi, so that the 
face of the mould may be opposite the mid- 
dle of the flat part of the zinc plate, and as 
near to it as possible. Immerse the zinc in 
the porous tube, and, if necessary, bring the 
mould nearer to it by bending the wire. 
The mould may possibly carry down with it 
a number of little bubbles of air, but these 



31 



may be generally got rid of by tapping the 
wire with a key or knife. If they should 
resist this treatment, the mould must be 
moved up and down until they disappear ; 
for, if allowed to remain, you will find per- 
fect copies of theni on the surface of your 
electrotype. A little muslin bag of crystals 
of sulphate of copper should be hung just 
below the top of the copper solution, so that 
supply may be kept up. 

If everything has gone right, metallic 
copper of a beautiful rose tint will gradually 
spread over the mould, beginning with the 
part in connection with the wire, and by de- 
grees covering the whole of the black-leaded 
surfaces. The deposition does not begin 
immediately; but when once it commences, 
it goes on continuously as long as any is 
generated. The mould may be lifted out 
and the deposit examined with ifnpunity, as 
long as it is not touched with the fingers. 
The amount of time necessary for the deposi- 
tion varies with the size of the mould and 
the power of the battery, from twenty-four 
to forty-eight hours, or even longer. If the 
time is extended beyond twenty-four hours, 
it is better, if tbe mould is large, to pour 
away the acid solution in the porous tube, 
and replenish it from stock. 
ULet me here say that every time you re- 






plenlsh the solution in the porons cell yon 
should brush off the black fur that has formed 
upon the zinc, otherwise your battery will 
not work well. 

When the deposit is snflSciently thick, the 
cast may be removed and another substi- 
tuted for it. If j^ou are careful, you may re- 
move the electrotype from the mould with- 
out injuring it ; so that, af^r being freshly 
black-leaded, it may be used again. 

If a Sraee's battery is used, the copper 
solution is poured into a separate vessel. 
An ordinary jelly-jar answers the purpose. 
This separate vessel is termed the decompo- 
sition cell. The battery is excited with the 
dilute sulphuric acid for the Daniell. Yoti 
must take care that the ends of the screws 
and wires that come into contact are kept 
clean and bright, otherwise the current is 
greatly enfeebled. The battery being filled 
mth the dilute acid, the wire from the zine 
is attached to the mould as before. The 
wire from the silver is fastened to a piece 
of copper plate, about twice the size of the 
mould to be covered. The two wires are 
then bent over, so that the copper plate and 
mould may be exactly facing each other, 
and about an inch apart. 

As the copper plate dissolves away, it 
^ust be replaced by a fresh one. You must 



33 



also recollect that every gram of copper 
dSsolvedis reproduced on the monld; so 
fiat here is uo necessity in ha^ang a bag of 
crystals in the solutions, as in the case of 
the Daniell arrangement. 

The battery solution should bo changed 
everv forty-e)ght hours or so. , ^ . 

At first, no doubt, the young electrotyper 
will succeed in obtaining excellent resuUs; 
bat as he continues his experiments he yll 
find that instead of getting a mce even 
flexible coating of metallic copper, he ^Mil 
obUm either a'crystalline bnttle deposi^^^ 
or else a dirfey brown powder forms on the 
Burtceof the mould.' These failures occur 
from the electrical current being either too 
weak or too strong. , ,, . . 

If all is not going well the best hing to 
do is tore-amalgamate tlie zmc plates and 
chanee the exciting solution. If these rem- 
eteilo not have the desired effect we must 
examine the result and endeavor to discover 
iu what particular we have failed. 

I.— The copper deposit refuses to cover 
the whole of the mould. i. • « 

This generally arises froni there being a 
deficiency of black-lead on the surface of the 
wax The remedy is obviously to litt out 
the mould, wash it in clean ^vater dry it 
carefully with blotting-paper, and black-lead 



34 

it afresh. There is, of course, no need to 
i-emove any of the copper that has ah-eadv 
tormed as it Avill unite with the new de"- 
posit It may as well be mentioned that 
this faihn-e is one of the most common with 
beginners. 

1 Vt'^^^ copper deposits in the form of a 
aark-brown poM-der. 

This is caused by the electrical current 
being too strong for the size of the mould 
Ihe remedy is manifestly to lessen the 
amount of electricity received bv the mould 
which may be done in several ways :— 

(a) By pouring away some of the acid 
solution, aud so lessening the surface of 
zmc acted upon. 

(b.) By separating the mould and the zinc 
by a greater interval in the case of the Dan- 
iel], or by removing it to a greater distance 
irom the copper plate, when using the Smee's 
arrangement. This has the effect of giving 
the electrical current a larger mass of liquid 
to traverse, causing some of it to be lost in 
tne way. 

(c) By diminishing the size of the copper 
plate when using the Smee. 

This cause of failure frequently happens 
<^'Iien the reproduction of small seals are the 
object of our labors. The batteries des- 
cribed are sufficiently powerful to deposit 



35 



copper on a mould as large as two inches 
square, or even larger. Any mould smaller 
will generally require the power of the 
battery to be diminished before a good re- 
sult can be obtained ; or, when the moulds 
are small, several may be attached to the 
same wire. 

Ill, — The copper deposits in a brittle, 
crystalline mass. 

The remedies for this failure are so ex- 
actly the reverse of those to be applied in 
the second case that it would be only wast- 
ing valuable time to detail them. In cold 
weather the deposit sometimes becomes 
brittle from the action of the acid solution 
in the zinc being slightly diminished, the 
apparatus should therefore be kept at a little 
distance from the fire. This description of 
failure may also occur from the connecting 
wires not being clean and bright when they 
touch the binding-screws, or from the screws 
not being screwed sufficiently tight. 

You will see that I have given you exam- 
ples of every kind of failure that can occur, 
with several remedies to be applied in each 
case. The choice of these must be left to 
your own judgment. One good rule to bear 
in mind is that the surface of the zinc acted 
upon should never be more than three 
times, or at most four times, that of the 



36 

medal to be copied. If this mle is adhered 
to, aud the directions for preparing and re- 
newing the solutions are complied with, 
there is really hardly a possibility of failure. 

Having succeeded in obtaining a deposit 
of sufficient thickness, the copper impression 
is carefully removed from the mould, 
trimmed with a sharp pair of scissors and a 
fine-cat file, and well washed with soap-and- 
water aud a soft brush. It may then be 
cleaned with a little rotten-stone or fine 
(vhiiing made into a paste with water, a sofb 
clean piece of chamois-leather being used to 
give it a final polish. 

The bright copper surface thus obtamed 
is very beautiful, but it unfortunately soon 
becomes tarnished by exposure to the air, 
except, indee-d, it be kept in an air-tight case. 
It is advisable, therefore, to give it an arti- 
ficiiJ tarnish, so to speak, in order to allow 
it to be exposed with impnnity. This is 
effected by the use of a bronzing liquid. 
Of these there are great numbers in use. 
One of the best is that recommended by 
"Walker. 

Boil for a quarter of an hour, in aneartnen 
pipkin, a gill of good vinegar, one ounce 
of carbonate of ammonia, and an ounce of 
verdigris ; the two last ingredients being re- 
duced to powder previously. Then mix in 



37 

a separate vessel, a drachm of sal-ammoniac 
and ten grains of oxalie acid in another gill 
of vinegar. When the sal-ammonaic and 
the oxalic acid are dissolved, mix the two 
solutions, and boil for five minutes. When 
cold, pour off the clear liquid, and pre- 
serve in a well-corked bottle. It is used 
bj being brushed well over the medal sev- 
eral times, the latter being heated over a 
lamp or candle between each application. 
The depth of color obtained by this method 
is very fine. 

Enough now has been said to enable the 
veriest tyro to carry on the electrotype pro- 
cess with success. If, after all, failure 
should be the result, it will be, I fear, the 
consequence of the lack of one of the follow- 
ing good qualities, — patience, exactitude, 
judgment^ and perse verancs. 



PLATING IK SILVER. 



"We -will now describe the processes of 
silvei'-plating ; for this is what I think 
nearly all amateurs want to do first. But 
here let me recommend the student to 
try his hand in copper first, as it is much 
easier to do, and requires less experience; 
for, when you can take good medals in cop- 
per, you will find very little trouble in 
doing the same in gold, silver, or nickel. 

Silver is generally deposited upon some 
other metal, but it is not easy to deposit it 
upon them all. The best to experiment on 
are copper, brass, or German silver, though 
fill the others — as iron, lead, and pewter, — 
can be coated. 

The best way to prepare the silver s. 'lu- 
tion is by the battery. This is effected by 
dissolving one and a quarter ounces of 
cyanide of potassium in one gallon of water ; 
then take a porous cup and place within it a 
piece of iron or copper ; put it into the solu- 
tion, and fill it with the outside solution; 
connect the plate with the zinc end of the 
battery ; in the solution outside the porous 



39 



cnp place a sheet of silver, and connect it 
with the silver or carbon end of the battery. 
It will take ten or twelve hours to get the 
solution to a proper strerfgth. There are 
other ways of making the solution, but this 
is tlte readiest. 

Supposing that you have made the solu- 
tion, the next thing is to prepare the article 
to be placed into it. The article to be plated 
is first boiled in a solution of caustic soda, 
which will free it from any grease ; then 
take it out of this solution and wash it, and 
then put it into diluted nitric acid, which 
removes any foreign substance that may 
be formed upon the surface. When it is 
taken out of this solution it is brushed over 
with a hard brush and fine sand. The nitric 
acid used should be very weak. 

The article being now thoroughly cleaned 
and dried, a piece of copper wire is attached 
to it by twisting it aroiind the article, or by 
putting it into some of the open parts and 
twisting it, to maintain the article in sus- 
pension. It is then dipped into nitric acid 
as quickly as possible, then washed through 
water, and then put into the silver solution, 
suspending it to one of the brass rods which 
run across the trough, and which is connected 
with the zinc terminal of the battery; on the 
other rod is suspended a sheet of silver, which 



40 



is connected with the carbon or silver end 
of the battery. Tiie article is instantaneously 
coated with silver, and ought to l)e taken 
out after a few seconds, and brushed well 
with a hard hair-brush and fine sand. This 
brushing is done in case any foreign n*,tter 
may be still on the surface. After this 
brushing it is again washed and placed in 
the solution, when, after a few hours, a coat- 
ing of the thickness of tissue-paper is de- 
posited on it, having the beautiful matted 
appearance of dead silver. [It must be re- 
marked here, that, in all plating solutions, 
the article must be moved from time to time 
while the process of deposition is going on. 
This is necessitated in consequence of the 
solution in front of the article becoming ex- 
hausted of the metal which it holds in solu- 
tion.] 

If you desire to preserve the surface in 
this condition, the article must bo taken out 
— care being taken not to touch it with the 
hand — and immersed in distilled boiling 
water for a few minutes. On being with- 
drawn, sufficient heat has been imparted to 
the article to dry it instanth'. If it is a medal 
it ought to be put in an air-tight frame 
immediately; or if a figure, it may be placed 
under a glass shade, as a few days' exposure 
to the ail tarnishes it. If the article is not 



41 

wanted with a dead surface, it may be 
brushed with a hard brush and stale ale. It 
may be burnished by rubbing its surface 
with considerable pressure with a polishing 
steel or a mineral termed bloodstone. 

We may remark that in depositing silver, 
a weak battery may be used; but if the 
battery is too weak, the silver deposited 
will be very soft. If the battery is pretty 
strong,— say three or four of our cells, 2| by 
3 inches, — the silver deposited will be as 
hard as hammered silver. So if your silver 
is soft, you know the cause ; knowing the 
cause you know the remedy. 

The average cost of depositing silver in 
this way is about ten cents per ounce. 



ELECTEO-GILDING. 



The operation of gilding, or covering 
other metals with a coating of gold, is per- 
formed in the same manner as the operation 
of plating, with the exception of a few prac- 
tical modifications. 

The best way of preparing the solution is 
by the battery, as in the case of silvei Say 
you want to prepare a gallon of gold solution, 
you dissolve four ounces of cyanide of po- 
tassium in one gallon of water, and heat the 
solution to 150'^ Eah.; now take a porous cup 
and fill it with this cyanide solution, and set 
it in the gallon solution ; into this cup is 
placed a plate of iron or copper, and attached 
to the zinc end of the battery. A piece of gold 
is placed in the large solution and connected 
with the silver or carbon end of the battery. 
The whole is allowed to remain in action 
until the gold (which is to be taken out 
from time to time and weighed) has lost the 
quantity 'required in solution. By this 
means a solution of any strength may be 
obtained ; half an ounce of gold to the gal- 
Ion will be found strong enough. The sola- 



43 



tion in the porous cup may be thrown 

away. For all operations of gilding, the 
cyanide solution must be heated to at least 
13(P Fah. The articles to be gilded are 
cleaned in the way described for silver, but 
are not dipped into nitric acid previously to 
being put into gold solution. Three or four 
minutes is sufficient time to gild any small 
article The article is generally weight d be- 
fore it is put in the solution and after it is 
taken out ; in this way the quantity of gold 
deposited is obtained. Any means may be 
adopted for heating the solution. The one 
generally adopted is to put the stone pot 
containing the solution into an iron or tin 
vessel filled with water, which is kept at the 
boiling point either by being placed upon a 
stove or over gas. The hotter the solution 
the less battery is required. Generally 
three or four cells are used for gilding, and 
the solution is kept at 130'=' to 150^ Fah. 
But one cell will answer if the solution is 
heated to 200*^. 

Gilding is generally performed upon silver 
articles. When the articles are cleaned as 
described for the silver plating, they are well 
brushed with a very hard brush and fine 
sand, which cleans away any tarnish from 
the surface, and prevents the formation of 
air-bubbles. They are then kept in clean 



u 



-water nntil it is convenient to immerse 
them in the gold solntion. One immersion 
is then given, ■which merely imparts a blush 
of gold : they are taken out and again 
brashed. then put back into the solution, 
and keos there for three or fonr minntes, 
which will be stuSicient, if the battery and 
soHtion are in good condition. 

Iron. lead, and tin, are very difBcnlt to 
gild direct. They therefore generally have 
a thin coating of copper deposited npon 
them by the cyanide cf copper solntion. and 
immediately put into the gilding solution. 

For very small articles — s^^ch as medal?, 
tinginsr daguerreotypes, gilding rings, thim- 
bles. &o. — a much "weaker solntion may be 
nsed- The solution should be s"fficient in 
quantity to gild the whole article at once, 
othervise there will be marks left upon the 
article. If the positive electrode is not 
wholly immersed in the solution, it will in a 
short time be eaten through at the surface 
of the solution- Thi3 ai>o applies in the 
case of silver and copper solurions. 

As the solution evaporates by being hot. 
distilled water must from time to time be 
added, but never while anythinsr is being 
plated. The cost of depositing gold is in the 
neighborhood of ten cents per pennyweight. 



45 



ISnCKEL PLATING. 



Kapier, in his Manual of Electro-metallur- 
^y, speaks of nickel coating ,• that it is very 
easily deposited and may be prepared for this 
purpose by dissolvinof it in nitric acid, then 
adding cyanide of potassium to precipitate 
the metal, after which the precipitate is wash- 
ed and dissolved by the addition of more 
cyanide of potassium. The cyanide of potash 
has proved unsuitable for nickel plating ; he 
says that he coated articles with nickel in 
1847, and up to 1853, they ^ill retained their 
brilliancy and continued untarnished. Na- 
pier gives also the following practical instruc- 
tion for plating, in the following words : It 
is indispensable that the battery should be 
so arranged that the quantity of electricity 
generated should correspond with the surface 
of the articles to be coated, and that the in- 
tensity should bear reference to the state of 
the solution, that is to say, that the quantity 
should be sufficient to give the required coat- 
ing of metal in a given time, and the inten- 
sity such as to cause the electricity to pass 
through the solution to the articles It is 
also essential that the plates of metal form- 
ing the positive pole with the solution should 



46 



be of corresponding surface to tlie articles to 
be coated, and face tlieni on both sides. 

The main condition of nickel-plating lies 
in these points: 1. To have the solution 
always kept neutral, it is necessary to test 
frequently the liquid by means of litmus 
paper, and if the same indicates a prevalence 
of acid, to add sufficient caustic ammonia to 
make the liquor perfectly neutral ; also to re- 
place occasionally the consumed salts : 2. To 
have the materials to be plated always clean, 
which, if the goods are of iron, can be done 
by dipping them in a mixture of muriatic 
acid and water. The least scratches will 
prevent a complete coating. 

The chloride of nickel and ammonia 
is much used for* plating, requiring but four 
ounces of salt to one gallon of water. 

A SIMPLE NICKEL-PLATING APPARATUS, 

likewise in full operation, may also be de- 
scribed, as very satisfactory results are daily 
realized : 1. A bath or vat containing the 
usual nickel solution of double salt, three- 
quarter pounds to the gallon of hot water ; 
five gallons is applied to the porous cell 
which contains the amalgamated zinc pole 
three inches broad, seven inches deep, and 
seven inches long, but touching within one- 
half inch all around from the cell. The cop- 
per wire is connected, to hold suspended the 
articles, such as faucets, pistols, or other ware 



47 

to be plated witli nickel ; the operation gfoea 
on at once, and deposits the metallic nickel 
from its solutions in the space of three to four 
hours. 

Nagel's Process for electro-platinp: with 
nickel is based upon applying the double 
salts of sulphate of nickel and ammonia with 
the platinum positive pole. It consists in 
taking 400 parts of the sulphate of nickel and 
200 parts of ammonia, dissolved in 6000 parts 
of hot water, and the ammonia of 0.909 spec, 
gravity, heated to 100= F. 

Mr. Beardslee, who is unquestionably the 
veteran in nickel-plating in the United States, 
says that ever since 1858 he has coated metals 
with electric currents ; that he has found the 
chloride of nickel with a certain quantity of 
ammonia to be of great service. 

He attributes any failures in depositing 
nickel to the following requirements : 

1. Nickel must have a perfectly uniform 
and unchanging current of electricity ; a 
Smee battery with a carbon negative plate, 
gives a powerful and constant current of elec- 
tricity. 

2. The nickel solutions with the chloride 
solutions may work better with acid instead 
of alkaline reaction ; he quotes, as instances, 
that he had 2,000 gallons of nickel solutions 
since 1868 and '69, in constant use without 
any addition, but have been correcte4 from 



48 

time to time in order to give them an acid 
reaction, as tlie tendency in working is to 
become alkaline. 

He uses two cells of the Smee's battery ; 
the amount of battery power required for a 
given amount of work to be done should be 
in zinc surface, equal to the surface to be 
coated. 

The surface of the nickel anode should in 
no case be less than the surface to be coated. 
The anode surface for a nickel solution may 
be much greater than the surface to be coat- 
ed, and more and better work will be the 
result. 

For a nickel solution of 40 gallons, 10 
anodes of 6x12 inches are required, and in 
l)roportion to the greater or less quantity of 
gallons. By estimating 7| gallons to each 
cubic foot, we can determine the amount of 
solution that will be required for a vat of any 
given size. 

The nickel anodes are connected with the 
negative plate of the battery, which may be 
either the chromium or carbon plates; the 
articles to be coated are to be connected with 
the zinc pole of the battery. 

In one gallon of nickel solution, a nickel 
anode of 4x6 inches is employed for coating 
small articles from two one gallon cells of the 
chromium negative plate battery. 



49 



ELECTROTYPING FROM A 
PORTRAIT OR PICTURE. 



To do this the back of the picture is 
scraped at cue eud with a little sandpaper, 
care being taken not to toxich the foce of 
the picture. Flatten a piece of copper wire 
and solder it to the back in the following 
manner: Place a little fine solder on the 
cleaned part, and moisten it with a little sol- 
dering acid. The ware is then held over the 
lamp, about half an inch from the plate ; the 
heat is transmitted through the wire to the 
solder, which melts, and the wire is sol- 
dered. The back is now covered with wax, 
and the picture is then hung in the copper 
solution, the same as a metal. The met;;l 
is rapidly deposited ; and, when sufficiently- 
thick, the two easily separate, when an im- 
pression of the picture will be obtained, 
with an expression softer and finer than the 
original. If the electrotype is now put into 
a solution of gold and connected with a 
small battery, a beautiful gold tint will be 
given to the picture, which serves to pro- 
tect it from the atmosphere ; but even now 
it must be placed under a glass cover, as 
the air will tarnish it. 



60 

Having now explained the principles of 
electro-metallurgy in four different metals, 
in a manner which I hope will be efficient 
to the amateur as well as to the professional 
plater, I will now give a list of some of the 
apparatus and prices, together with a list of 
the chemicals that are sometimes used in 
electroplating. 

The prices are remarkably low, as will be 
seen by comparing them with those of other 
manufacturers. 




THE DOLLAR AND A HALF SINGLECELL 
ELECTROPLATING BATTERY. 

This battery is a marvel of cheapness and 
utility combined.. 



51 

With one of these bntteries all the cnts in 
this book have been electrotvped. which will 
show practically what the batteries are ca- 
pable of doing. 

This apparatus consists of a flint-glass jar 
4 « 4 inches, into which a porous cnp is 
placed, and a square of zinc with a wire at- 
tached to one end for hanging the objects to, 
is placed in the porous cup. 

The battery is charged by dissolving the 
sulphate of copper in hot water, and adding 
about a half ounce of sulphuric acid to the 
solution, so as to increase its conducting 
power. Take the balance of the sulphate of 
copper and put it in a bag and hang it on 
the side of the glass, as shown in the en- 
graving. Place the porous cup in the glass 
a little on one side, with the zinc in it ; fill 
the porous cup up with water ; then add a 
few drops of sulphuric acid, and the battery 
will be readj' for use. 

Hang the article to be plated on the brass 
wire so that it will be covered by the solu- 
tion in the glass, and the copper will be im- 
mediately deposited. 

This battery will be sent to any address, 
packed in a neat box, with some sulphate of 
copper, wire, and book of instructions, for 
$1.50. 



52 



Smee Plating Batteries. 
The single-cell battery is not often used 
when there is a large amount of work to be 
done, as it is not so handy as the Smee, or 
other forms of batteries. 




SMEE'S ELECTROPLATING BATTERY, 

For deposition of Gold, Silver, Xickle, Copper, and 

other metals. Price §3.50. 

This is the smallest kind of Smee battery 
that we make. It has two zinc plates, 3jx2|^ 
inches, and carbon centre, placed in a glass 
tumbler, with two brass binding-posts, as 
slmwn in the engraving. With this battery 
is given a white annealed flint-glass jar, 4x4 
inches, for holding the solution ; two brass 



53 



rods, with binding-posts on the end for con- 
necting the battery wire, lo one end of 
these rods is connected a piece of sheet cop- 
per, the other is used to suspend the article 
to be plated. Sufficient sulphate of copper 
to make a saturated solution, all packed 
in a neat box, and sent to any address for 
$3.50. This is the cheapest plating appa- 
ratus made. 

The same as the above, bnt with the addi- 
tion of a quarter pound of the best pi'epared 
wax, one ounce best plumbago, one soft 
brush, packed in a neat box, for $4.25. 

The same as the above, but with one quart 
of silver solution, one piece of sheet silver, 
and one hard brush, — substituted for the 
plumbago, wax, and soft brush, — packed in 
a neat box, for $5.00. 

Sample Shells, showing the work of 
these batteries, in copper, sent to any ad- 
dress for twenty cents; in silver, for thirty 
cents. 

Wax moulds of any cut or coin that we 
may have, or that may be sent to us, will be 
made and sent to any address at trifling 
cost. 



54 



Besides the above we mannfactnre larger 
sizes of Smee's battery, and other forms for 
manufacturing purposes. 

The Xo. 2 Smee battery zinc plat as, 4|x3i 
inches wide, iu white annealed glass jars, 
for $3.00. 

Size No. 3 Smee* battery zinc plates, 4x8 
inches, iu white annealed glass jars, for 
$4.00. 

Size No. 4 Smee battery zinc plates. 7^x1 H 
inches, in stone jars, carbon centre, for §9. 

Any of the parts of the above batteries 
will be sold separate when wanted. 



No. 1 battery, single cell, packed in a neat 
box, but with a quarter of a pound of the 
best prepared wax for taking impressions, 
one ounce of the best plumbago, and one 
soft brush, — in fact, everything that is ne- 
cessary to set to work and copper casts of 
pennies, medals, &c., complete, with book 
of instructions, sent to any address for only 
$2.25. 



55 

Bnnsen Batteries. 

These batteries are used whenever a very 
intense current is needed, as in plating Iron, 
Steel, Britannia Metal, &e. It is the battery 
that is now most generally used by the nickie 
platers of this city. 

Of this battery we have three sizes : — 

No. 1 consists of a white annealed flint-glass 
jar holding about one quart, a zinc with a 
porous cup fitting in the centre, and carbon 
with platinum connection, for $1.75. 

No. 2 glass holding two quarts, and other 
parts in proportion, for ^2.25. 

No. 3 glass, holding one gallon, with rolled 
zinc, $3.50. 

These batteries are very intense, and 
where a strong current is needed, as in coat- 
ing Iron, Steel, and Britannia Metal, is the 
one generally employed. It is this battery 
that we are now supplying to the nickle- 
platers in this city and vicinity. 



56 



Parts of Batteries. 

Any of the parts of these batteries will be 
supplied separately when so ordered, such 
as — 

Glasses holding one qnart, 50 cents ; two 
qnarts, 75 cents; one gallon, $1.25. 

Porous cups, for No. 1, 15 cents; No. 2, 
20 cents; No. 3, 30 cents. 

Carbons for the small batteries, — the 
smallest 3^x2^, 80 cents; size 4x3, $1; sizo 
5|x4i $1.5"0; size lUx7^,$3.25; 6x1), $^2.50. 

Carbons for the Bunsen batteries — No. 1, 
25 cents; No. 2, GO cents; No. 3, $1. 

Brass clamps for the Smee batteries — 
battery 3x3. 20 cents ; larger sizes. 75 cents. 

Binding-Posts, small batteries, 15 cents; 
large, 25 cents. 

Connecting-Bars, with binding-posts on 
the end for connecting the battery wires, 
each 75 cents. 

Zinc of all kinds, for both Smee and Bun- 
sen batteries, 25 cents per pound. 

Boiled zinc cut to any pattern. 

We also put up sets of apparatus to meet 
the wants of certain classes of people in busi- 
ness, at very low figures. 



57 

Silver-Plater's Set. 

If persons, in ordering, do not want all 
the articles enumerated in the following 
sets, the}' can select whatever they may re- 
quire, which, of coarse, will make the set 
cost less. 

4 two-quart batteriee, connections, stand, 
pan, thermometer, &c. 

4 pints of silver solution, 

1 bottle of cyanide of copper. 

1 bottle of nitrate of mercury. 

1 bottle of cyanide of potassa. 

1 graduated glass. 1 bottle of crocus. 

1 bottle of rouge. Glass sticks and wires. 

1 box of sawdust. Sawdust brushes. 

2 brushes. 2 scratch brushes. 
2 decomposing dishes. 

1 box of pumice stone. 
1 box of whiting. 

1 bottle bright mixture, for bright plating. 
1 plate of silver. 1 copper. 
24r filtering papers. 3 connecting-cups. 
1 pound of mercury. 2 burnishers. 
1 brass blowpipe. 1 lamp. 
1 bottle gold solution. 

These articles are all packed in a box, with 
book of instructions on plating in gold and 
gilvei.^Price §35. 



58 

Set Put up for Travelling Platers. 

2 Bnnsen batteries. 1 graduate glass. 

1 extra glass cup. 1 scratch brush. 

2 extra porous cups. 1 sand brush. 
2 rods. 24 in. with cups, 1 fine brush. 
2 12-ft.. conduct'g wires. I burni.sher. 

1 book of instructions. 1 lb. hanging wire. 
1 glass funnel. 1 box pumice stone. 

^ pound quicksilver. 1 box of whiting. 
1 magnet. 1 box of rouge. 

1 pair of scales. 1 box of crocus. 

This set will be packed and sent to any 
address on receipt of $] ">, 



"We are getting wp presses for making 
moulds in. These presses will be made of 
cast iron, and will take an impression of any 
cut or medal, 4x4 inches. 



"We ■will also have soon an iron melting- 
pan for melting the wax in. It will be made" 
large enough, so as to fit the press. The 
wax is to be melted in the pan, sufficient 
Tpax being put in so as to fill the pan up to 
the top of the rim. When it is all melted 
it is to be set aside to cool ; and, v\-hen per- 
fectly cold, the cut or medal having been 



59 



polished with phimbago, is placed on the 
wax; the pan is then placed in the press 
and screwed down tight, when a sharp, clear 
impi-ession, will be obtained. 

The prices of these presses will be fur- 
nished on application. 



Acid. Chemicals. Per pound 

Sulphuric 10 cents. 

Nitric (chemically pure) 35 

Nitric. 20 

Hydrochloric 12 

Acetic ". 20 

Fuming Nitric 25 

Oxalic 40 

Ammonia 18 

Alcohol (per pint) 40 

Sulphate of copper 18 

Sal ammoniac 20 

Cyaniiie of potash 80 

Bichromate of potash 40 

Nitrate of potash 20 

Sal soda 10 

Bicarbonate of soda 18 

Cream Tartar GO 

Bicarbonate potash 40 

Bisulphuret of carbon (per ounce) 15 
Soldering acid, of our own manu- 
facture, per bottle 15 



60 

Anodes, 

Gold and silver anodes rolled in any re- 
quired shape. Granulated gold and silver 
for making solutions, constantly on hand. 

Prices furnished on application. 

Pure nickle anodes, 2^x4 inches $4.(H) 

2^x8 ■• 8.00 

5x10^ •• 21.00 

Pare nickle in grains 4. r>o 

Single salts of nickle and ammonia 4.00 

Double '• " ^- •• .... 2.7:. 

Chloride of *• ■* " .... 4.00 

Copper anodes of all sizes at 60 cents per 
pound. 

Solutions of all kinds on hand and made 
to order. 

Gold solution, containing 2j dwt. to 

the quart • $4.50 

Silver solution, containing 4 ounces to 

the gallon, per gallon 2.00 

Cyanide of copper, per quart 75 

'• " per gallon 2.00 

Lowey's Hydrometer, for testing the 

strenj^th of solutions 2. 50 



61 

Electroplating Materials. 
It is our design to keep on* hand a very 
large assortment of everything that is re- 
quired in the electro-plating line, whether 
mentioned in this list or not. So, if you 
should want anything, or desire any infor- 
mation that we can give, do not be afraid to 
write us (always inclosing a stamp when an 
answer is required), and we will give it our 
respectful consideration, no matter how 
trifling the question may be. 



62 



Burnishers. 

Swiss Oval Steel, two sizes. 35 to 50 cents 
each. 

French Oval Steel, in handles, curved and 
straight ends, 50 cents each. 

French Agate, in handles, $1.25 each. 

Stubs, steel, in handles, three sizes, from 
40 to 70 cents each. 

Casseroles, or Coloring Pots, from 3 to 6j in. 
diameter, 60 cents to $2. 

Steel Burnishers, of any required pattern, 
made to order, at prices varying accord- 
ing to size and shape.* 



Bloodstone Burnishers. 

Eleven sizes. Prices from $1.25 to ^11. 



Polishing Povrders. 

Emery, first qualit}-, 15 cents per lb. 
Emery Cloth of the best brands. 10 cents 

per sheet. Si. 50 per quire. 
Emery Paper, American, best quality, all 

sizes. 3 cents per sheet. 50 cents per 

quire. 
French Emery Paper, first qiiality. 3 cents 

per sheet. 30 cents per dozen. 
Puraice Stone, powdered. 1 2 cents per lb, 
" " lumps, 10 cents per lb. 



63 



Rouge. 

Crocus, 75 cents per lb, 
Ronge, hard, second quality. $^1 per lb. 
•• first quality, $1.25 per lb. 
" soft, in balls, $1.25 per lb. 



Brushes. 



Wooden handles, first quality, 3 rows. 25 
cents ; 4 rows. 30 cents ; 5 rows, 35 cents ; 
6 rows, 40 cents. 

Wooden handles, extra quality. 3 rows, 30 
cents; 4 rows, 35 cents; 5 rows, 40 cents; 
6 rows, 50 cents. 

Wooden handles, goat hair, 3 rows, 35 cents; 
4 rows, 40 cents. 



Brass Scratch-Brushes. 

Prices from 30 cents to $3.00, according to 
size. 



Steel Scratch-Brushes. 

Prices from 40 cents to $2.50, according to 
size. 



64 

Brass End-Brushes. 

Large. $1.00; small. 7.5 cents. 



Brass Scratch Wheel-Brushes. 

'2 rows. 3 rows, 

2 inches diameter, each. . . .$1.50 $1.7.'< 

3 " . " " . . .2.00 2.75 

4 " " "... 2.75 3.75 



Hand Buffs. 



LEATHEB. 



Plain, per doz. 75 cents ; each. 7 cents. 
Heavy, per doz. Si. 25; each. 12 cents. 
Half ronnd, per doz. $1.00: each, 10 cents. 
Round, per doz. $1.25; each, 12 cents. 

FELT. 

Plain, per doz. S2.50; each, 25 cents. 
Heavy, per doz. S2.50: each. 25 cents. 
Ronnd. per doz. S3. 25 ; each. 35 cents. 
Round Biifls, all sizes and thicknesses, to 

order. 
Steel Arbors for Buffs, on hand and to order. 



65 



ELECTRO-METALLURGY PRAC- 
TICALLY TREATED. 

lo2 pp. Price Si. 2.5. 

Contents. — Discoveiy of Electrotypino; — Quan- 
city aud Inteusity of Electricity— Faraday's No- 
menclature — Cou.staut Batteiy — Various forms of 
Batteiy Considered — Conductinoj Power of Solu- 
tions—Effects of Motion during Electro-Deposition 
— Electro-Deposition of Copper — Electiotyping Pro- 
cesses Described — Preparation of Moulds — Foruiu- 
Im for Mouldiuii' Materials — Bronzing Ele<!trotypes 
— Coating Iron with Copper — Electro-De))osition of 
Silver — Silver Solution — '•Bright" Plating — Ar- 
rangement of Battery — The Strength of Current 
required for Different Metals — Pieparation of Work 
to be Plated— Coating Lead or Pewter Surfaces — 
Stiip))ing Silver from Old Work, &c. — Recovering 
Silver from old Stripping Solutions, &c. — Deposition 
of Silver upon Xon-Metallic Surfaces — Electro-De- 
position of Gold — Gold Solutions — Preparation of 
Work to be Gilt— Gilding Cheap Jewelry, &c. — 
Gilding Filigree Work, &C — Electro-Deposition of 
Brass and Bionze — Brassing Solutions — Bronzing 
Solutions— Elec^tro-Brassing Cast-Iron Work -Elec- 
tro.-Brassiiig Wrought-Iron Work — Electro-Deposi- 
tion of Platinum aiul other Metals — Electro-Depo- 
sition of Zinc-JJ*repnration of Articles to be Coated 
— Deposition of Alloys of Metals. 

NAPIER'S BLBCTRO-METALLUR- 

G-Y. Price $2. Postage 10 cents. 

Any scientific work published will be fur- 
nished at publishers" pi'ices and the cost oi 
postage. ^ ; 



(=-* 



THE 




ELECTIO-PLATEES' GOIDE, 



OR, 



Electro-Plating Made Easy. 



A COMPLETE 

MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION 



IN THE ART OF 



Gold, Silver, Nickel and Copper Plating. 



NEW YORK: 
FRKDERICK LOWEY, 

MANUFACTURER OP 

ALL KINDS OF ELECTRO-PLATERS' SUPPLIES, 

75 NASSAU STREET. 

P. O. Box 4210. 





NOTICE, 



Parties ordering goods should send money by post 
office order or registered letter, or by draft on New 
York, made payable to Frederick Lowey, as it is not 
safe to trust money in ordinary letters. 

All monies sent will be at sender's risk. 

No goods will be sent by express, C. O. D. undeii 

five dollars, unless sufficient money is sent to cover 

, the express charges in case the goods are not taken. 

All goods will be packed with the greatest care, 
and the price of the box added to the bill in all 
cases except in the small plating batteries, which 
prices are given boxed. 

We will not be responsible for goods after they 
leave our office. 

In ordering goods to be sent by express, please 
state v/hat express you wish them sent by. 

Small articles, such as wire, connections, salts, 
powders and small zincs can be sent much cheaper 
by mail than express. Where articles of this class 
are sent by mail it is necessary that one cent for 
each ounce, or fraction thereof, should accompany 
the order, otherwise we will send "by express. 

N. B. Parties buying goods from us, and having 
trouble with the batteries, or in their work, if tliey 
Avill write to us, giving a full description of their 
trouble, and what they think is the cause, we will 
look into the matter for them, and let them know 
the cause of the trouble. We do not propose to 
carry a course of instruction through the mail, but 
simply to help those in trouble, as far as we can. < ; 

Parties writing to us for information will pleas© 
enclose a three cent stamp for return postage, otherr 
wise no notice will be taken of their request. 



Below is a List of carefully prepared Price List of 

SILVER-PLATING GOODS, 



Single Articles, 



Soup Ladles 

Tea Sets 

Coffee Pots...-. 

Tea " 

Su^ar Bowls 

Cream Cups •• 

Tea and Coffee TJrns, small . 

Communion Sets 

Ice Pitchers 

Wine and Milk Pitchers. .. 

Soup Tureens, small 

Cake Baskets 

Card " 

Fruit Stands 

Celery " — 

Wine " 

Butter Dishes 

Syrup Cups, with Waiters. 

Dininfi Castors 

Breakfast '" 

Cups 

Soda Water Cups 

Call Bell 

Napkin Rinys, per doz 

Huutinsj Watch Cases... . 
Open Face " 



Single. 

$1 50 
11 00 
2 50 
2 00 
1 75 
1 00 
4 50 
11 00 



Double. 



1 50 



75 
3 00 
1 50 
1 25 



|2 25 

15 00 

3 50 

3 00 

5 00 
1 50 

6 50 
15 00 

5 00 
3 50 

6 50 



Triple. 



00 
50 
50 
50 
50 
00 

2 00 

3 50 
2 00 

25 
50 
25 
50 
00 



$3 00 

IS 00 

4 50 

4 00 

2 riO 

2 00 
00 

18 00 
6 00 

4 00 
9 00 

5 00 

3 50 
5 00 
3 50 
5 50 
3 75 



00 
00 
00 
50 



50 
6 50 
2 50 
2 25 



KNIVES, FORKS, SPOONS, &.e. 



Plain and Tipped, per doz. 



Single. 



3 50 
13 
25 

1 75 



Tea, Egg, Mustard and Salt Spoons ! ft lo 

Dessert Spoons and Forks ;• ; ■ • • | ? §? 

Table Spoons, Forks and Butter Knives,; 
Oval Threaded and Beaded, additional . . j 

Fisured Patterns, additional | 

Nut Picks.... ! 

Table Knives, new • j 

Dessert '* '" j 

Tea " "• ' 

The above xcarranted full plate, as represented 

' Knives, Forks and Spoons, if badly scratcheo, 
by refini?hing, before they are re-plated. For 
charge of $1.00 per dozen will be made. 



Double. 



Triple. 



$3 75 

4 87 

6 50 

13 



$2 75 

3 75 
5 00 

13 
25 

2 00 
5 00 

4 00 

3 50 
bxj tveight. 

are improved 
this an extra 



25 

50 
00 
00 
60 



o 

W 2 

O 'X 

X — 

CO '^ 



That will Plate Knives, Forks, 
Spoons, »&c. 



« 




'IpAv sXsd :}t}m SS8U 
-isnq v lit ^ju^s o; aoa^qo pipn3[ds y 



kinds 




'Off'T$ 

joj xog B ni poi^OBjj 



I-" 
tn 
c/i 

CO 

C 
to 
tn 

m 

2 



'TO 
7 " 

H CO 

I c 

> 

O 

o 



o 






237 90 







^0 c « " • • O -Ay . • ^ • - ^ 






«^ 



> V * * * " 










o. »0 -' 




5- »V 










HECKMAN 

BINDERY INC. 

^ MAY 90 

WvjL^^ N. MANCHESTER, 
^^^^ INDIANA 46962 







♦>//^^5^\ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



0017 110 131 1 



